Yogyakarta, December 18, 2025 — “How do political systems shape the way regional norms are practiced?” This question anchored CESASS Chat #46 hosted by the Center for Southeast Asian Social Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada (CESASS UGM), featuring Michael Alexander Budiman (International Relations, Satya Wacana Christian University).
In his Chat, “Regime Types in Southeast Asia and the Interpretation of ASEAN Norms”, Michael introduced ASEAN as a regional organization built on shared behavioral norms—such as sovereignty, non-interference, peaceful conflict resolution, and non-use of force—as well as procedural norms of consultation and consensus. While these principles are often portrayed as fixed and uniformly applied, he demonstrated that their interpretation varies widely across member states.

